Pakan Ayam Broiler
sabungayamindonesiaku.org – Rangkaian pertanyaan menjelaskan bahwa petani masih bingung tentang makanan apa yang ingin mereka gunakan untuk memelihara ayam pedaging. Penulis juga percaya bahwa sebagian besar petani tidak sepenuhnya memahami pemeliharaan ayam pedaging.
Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas, penulis akan memberikan uraian singkat tentang pemahaman penggunaan pakan dalam pemeliharaan ayam pedaging.
Pengenalan Pakan
Pakan adalah semua yang bisa dimakan oleh ternak dan tidak mengganggu kesehatannya. Pada umumnya pengertian pakan (feed) digunakan untuk hewan yang meliputi kuantitatif, kualitatif, kontinuitas serta keseimbangan zat pakan yang terkandung di dalamnya. (Anonim, 2009).
Pakan adalah segalah sesuatu yang dapat diberikan sebagai sumber energi dan zat-zat gizi, istilah pakan sering diganti dengan bahan baku pakan, pada kenyataanya sering terjadi penyimpangan yang menunjukkan penggunaan kata pakan diganti sebagai bahan baku pakan yang telah diolah menjadi pellet, crumble atau mash. (Anonim a 2008).
Pakan adalah bahan ransum ternak yang telah diramu dan biasanya terdiri dari berbagai jenis bahan ransum dengan komposisi tertentu. Pemberian pakan bertujuan untuk menjamin pertumbuhan berat badan dan menjamin produksi daging agar menguntungkan. Konsumsi pakan ayam Broiler tergantung pada strain, umur, aktifitas serta suhu lingkungan. Pakan ayam Broiler dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu ransum untuk periode starter dan periode finisher. Komposisi pakan pada fase starter terdiri atas protein 22-24%, lemak 2,5%, serat kasar 4%, kalsium (Ca) 1%, phosphor (P) 0,7-0,9% dan pada fase finisher terdiri atas protein 18,1-21,2 %, lemak 2,5%, serat kasar 4,5%, kalsium (Ca) 1%, phosphor (P) 0,7-0,9% (Faradis, 2009).
Berdasarkan keterangan diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebutuhan protein ayam pedaging (ayam Broiler) berbeda pada fase starter dan fase finisher. Perbedaan tersebut disebabkan oleh ayam Broiler membutuhkan protein yang tinggi pada fase starter untuk pertumbuhan yang cepat agar manusia dapat menikmati dagingnya. Protein merupakan gabungan dari sekelompok asam amino yang mengikuti aturan-aturan tertentu sehingga protein dan asam amino merupakan suatu kesatuan utuh, baik dalam pemberian maupun kebutuhannya.
Hal ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan kebutuhan nutrient pakan sesuai dengan periode pertumbuhan ayam. Khusus untuk pakan broiler hendaklah (1) memiliki kandungan nisbah energi-protein yang diketahui, (2) kandungan proteinnya tinggi untuk menopang pertumbuhannya yang sangat cepat, (3) mengandung energi yang lebih untuk membuat ayam Broiler dipanen cukup mengandung lemak.
Baca juga : Pakan Mempercepat Pertumbuhan Ayam
Ayam Broiler membutuhkan energi yang tinggi (lebih dari 3.000 kkal per kg ransum). Untuk mendapatkan energi yang tinggi itu tidak cukup hanya dari bahan makanan sumber pertanian saja, tetapi harus dibantu dengan minyak agar keseimbangan gizi dari ransum yang terbentuk itu dapat terjamin. Bahan-bahan pakan yang menjadi sumber energi terbanyak ialah dari pakan nabati dan minyak atau lemak. Minyak atau lemak kerap kali digunakan dalam ransum ayam Broiler agar jumlah energi yang dibutuhkan terpenuhi. Beberapa bahan yang juga ikut digunakan untuk mendukung pemenuhan energi bagi ayam Broiler adalah bekatul, bungkil kelapa, dan bungkil kacang tanah. Sedangkan lemak yang digunakan adalah lemak hewan yang sering dijumpai di rumah potong. Minyak yang digunakan adalah minyak nabati seperti minyak kelapa.
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